ORIGINS OF NATIONALISM
| COLONIAL RULE |
| POLITICAL IMPACT |
| 1. Disruption of Village Administration 2. The Legacy of the Modern State 3. Creation of New National Boundaries 4. Degree of Political Participation |
| SOCIAL IMPACT |
| 1. Demographic Changes 2. The Impact of a new Ruling Class 3. The Spread of Western Education and its Impact 4. Developments in the Cities 5. The Impact on Religion 6. Creating an Awareness of the Past |
| ECONOMIC IMPACT |
| 1. Rising economic dominance of the immigrant communities 2. Emergence of plural societies a. Growth of a money economy b. Development of commercial agriculture 3. Alteration of communal land and village subsistence patterns 4. Intensified disintegration of village norms 5. Anti-Colonial Movements: Peasant Unrests and Rebellion a. The Samin Movement b. The To’ Janggut Rebellion c. The Saya San Rebellion d. The Asun Rebellion |
| DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM |
| EXTERNAL EVENTS |
| 1. India 2. Japan 3. China 4. The First World War (1914 - 1918) 5. The Great Depression (1929 - early 1930s) |
FAILURES / LIMITATIONS / SUCCESSES OF NATIONALISM
| FAILURES |
| WEAKNESSES OF NATIONALISTS |
| Examples: 1. Disunity (Factionalism - Clash of goals (between educated elites and rural elites) - Clash of ideology 2. Dependence on the colonial power 3. Leadership - Personal disagreement 4. Inability to gather mass support - Urban-rural divide - Collaboration with the colonial powers |
| STRENGTHS OF COLONIAL POWERS |
| Examples: 1. Repression 2. Collaboration with nationalists - Adept, skilled - Vietnam / Philippines - Laos / Cambodia (protectors) |
| CONDITIONS THAT WORKED AGAINST THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM |
| Examples: 1. Lack of education - Few western-educated intelligentsia to pose qualified challenges to colonial rule 2. Unifying symbols - Status of monarchy - Cultural / Historical identity - Low levels of nation consciousness 3. Ethnic minorities - Difficulty in gathering mass support - Clash or religion (Buddhism vs Karen) |
| LIMITATIONS |
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| SUCCESSES |
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COLONIAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS / RESPONESE TO NATIONALISM
| MOST LIBERAL | USA |
| Country : The Philippines | |
| Sequence of Events: 1912 – Democrat victory in the US 1916 – Passage of the Jones Law 1919 – Independence mission sent to Washington 1933 – Passing of Hares-Hawes-Cutting Bill 1934 – Passing of Tydings–McDuffie Act | |
| Summary: - Collaborated with the elites (Ilustrados and landed elites) - Provided a high level of representation to the locals - Paved the way to independence; merely an issue of timing (when) | |
| LIBERAL | Britain |
| Country: Burma | |
| Sequence of Events: 1923 – Extension of Dyarchy | |
| Summary: - Did not hesitate to repress nationalist movements if they posed a threat - Nationalist movements headed by the Pongyi (Buddhist monks) and Thakins (Student groups) - British provided an extension of diarchy and promised independence in response to nationalist agitation - Response to nationalist movement can thus be seen as varied, with a mixture of collaboration and resistance | |
| ILLIBERAL | The Dutch |
| Country: Indonesia | |
| Sequence of Events: 1901 – Ethical Policy (Self-government) 1917 / 1918 – The Volksraad (People’s Council) which acted as a political platform for natives (Little real power) 1919 – Dutch authorities moved against the various groups, Stricter treatment (Second Phase) 1926 / 1927 – PKI revolt, Dutch police penetrated its chaotic communication networks and many leaders were arrested before they could resist 1930 / 1931 – Formation of PNI, Dutch associated it with the PKI and saw it as dangerous (Third Phase) 1934 – The Dutch conceded little to the nationalists, non-cooperating groups were not tolerated, strong and effective action was taken against nationalist groups, nationalists were wiped out (Fourth Phase) | |
| Summary: - Did not concede to nationalists | |
| MOST ILLEBERAL | France |
| Country: Vietnam | |
| Sequence of Events: | |
| Summary: - Did not concede to nationalists - Did not allow native participation - Consistent in their stance in nationalist movements; utilized repression to silence nationalist movements; did not hesitate to use the death penalty which acted as a deterrence against other nationalist revolts - More repression, more retaliation | |
NATIONALIST RESPONESE TO COLONIAL ACTIONS
| MOST LIBERAL | USA |
| Country : The Philippines | |
| Summary: - Little resistance (Sakdalista Party) - Collaboration - Negotiations - Little or no use of force | |
| LIBERAL | Britain |
| Country: Burma | |
| Summary: - Little resistance | |
| ILLIBERAL | The Netherlands |
| Country: Indonesia | |
| Summary: - Resistance (Communist Party) - Development of Indonesian Nationalism developed through four phases - Started with social / culture, non-political aims - Start of radicalism in 1919, after World War I which saw the formation of revolutionary groups between 1919 and 1934 | |
| MOST ILLEBERAL | France |
| Country: Vietnam | |
| Summary: - Most resistance - Tonkin – began with moderate policies but became radical - Considered options when needs were not met (VNQDD, ICP) - Resistance was crushed by overwhelming force of colonial powers | |
TECHNIQUE
| QUESTION ANALYSIS |
| - Given factor o E.g. Spread of Western education - Question word o E.g. Discuss - Topic under discussion o E.g. Emergence of nationalism in Southeast Asia |
| INTRODUCTION |
| - Respond with thesis - No personal voice - No repetition of question - Background information must be relevant to the question - Indicate the most important factor |
| CONTENT PARAGRAPH |
| Topic Sentence |
| - Think of the points - Do not start with a case study - No narration - Must be developed and specific - One idea in each paragraph - Add connections E.g. However the nationalists were largely to blame for their failures too, as they were unable to mobilise mass support. |
| Elaboration |
| E.g. One of the predominant obstacles was the rural-urban divide, which arose due to fundamental differences of goals and concerns between the urban elite and the rural population. |
| Example |
| E.g. In Vietnam, the nationalists in the 1920s were fixated on political goals which were far divorced from the everyday subsistence concerns of the rural masses. In Burma, the nationalists had difficulties explaining modern political ideas to the rural masses because of language barriers and a lack of education among the latter, hence weakening their cause considerably. |
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